Structure of the document
Definition of Terms
GISc
Geographic Information Science. (Focus here is on the generic
'Science', rather than the proprietery
'Systems')
GIS
Geographic Information System. (Focus here is on the systems
and technology used in GISc.
GIS practitioners
Any person, regardless of his / her NQF level who is operating in the
Geographic Information Science Industry.
NQF
South African National Qualifications Framework
NSIF
South African National Spatial Information Framework
SAQA
South African National Qualifications Authority
Objectives of this document
- To serve as a foundation for ethical decision-making.
- To be broad enough to be applicable in most situations.
- To provide direction and goals for the GIS practitioners.
Obligations to Society
As GIS practitioners we recognise that our work impacts greatly on
society in general, but in particular that the information we provide
may be used for decisions that can influence all or parts of society as
well as generations to come. We therefore need to guard against civil
abuses.
Legal responsibilities
As citizens and residents of the Republic of South Africa we will
obey the laws of the country. In particular, we will familiarise
ourselves and fully comply with the new Spatial Information Bill.
Social responsibilities
We have an important responsibility towards the society we live in.
In case of any conflict of interest, the interest of society will be
our deciding factor. Therefore, we as the GIS practitioners shall:
- Promote procedures that protect the health, safety and welfare of
people and the environment as well as meet individual and institutional
objectives
- Consider the short and long-term relevancy of what we provide
- When presenting or releasing information, we will consider
immediate consequences as well as the future impacts of our work. Our
procedures may require reviewing social and environmental impacts (e.g.
environmental impact reports).
- We will represent our organisations in a socially responsible
manner.
- We will guard against presenting information in isolation and we
will seek the advice of co-workers and experts.
- We will outline the options for the proposed action.
- We will consult with all the relevant persons and groups.
- We will promote and articulate social responsibility and ethical
behaviour in the organisation.
- We will contribute to society's well being
- We accept that a 'well society' includes both a safe social
environment, as well as healthy natural environment.
- We will be cognisant of other cultural values. We will attempt to
understand the culture and value systems affected by our projects, and
establish project management procedures that do not negatively impact
the worldviews of others.
- We will respect the privacy of others
- We will observe the privacy of others by preventing disclosure of
personal information.
- We will use only that information necessary for the project and
will not collect or distribute irrelevant data that unnecessarily
compromises an individual's or an institution's privacy.
- We will prevent the release of information that may damage or hurt
individuals or institutions.
- We will avoid causing harm
- We will avoid injury or other negative consequences (i.e. loss of
information, loss of or damage to property, loss of life, or negative
environmental impacts).
- We will evaluate moral and legal imperatives
- If faced with an ethical dilemma, we will strive to do what is
right, not just what is legal. To assist in making the decision we will
recognise a moral issue, get the facts, evaluate alternative actions,
and then review the results of the action taken.
Do the Best Work Possible
As GIS practitioners we are proud of our vocation. Therefore we
will:
- Be objective, diligent, and fully apply our education and
skills.
- Practice integrity and not be swayed by the demands of others when
these are against this code.
- Provide full, clear, comprehensive and accurate information
regarding all aspects of the work we do.
- Strive to do what is right, not just what is legal.
Contribute to the Community to the Extent Possible
As GIS practitioners we recognise our dependence on the communities
we live in. Therefore we will:
- Strive to make our data and findings widely available. In this
regard we especially recognise the role of the NSIF in South
Africa.
- Strive for broad citizen involvement.
- Donate our services to community organisations. In this regard we
especially recognise the need for involvement with GISSA and the SAQA
GIS Standards Generating Body.
Speak Out About Issues
As GIS practitioners we recognise the value of the contributions and
opinions of everyone in our community and flowing from this, the need
to communicate and to be transparent. Therefore we will:
- Give our opinion about public issues, especially those related to
our personal expertise.
- Listen to those of our profession and give heed to what they
say.
- Call attention to unpractitioners work or breach of this code of
ethics by others. However, we will not do so publicly, and if possible,
we will first take our concerns to the person/s or organisation
suspected of such behaviour. Only if this does not provide satisfaction
will we take escalating action. Such escalating action will include:
- Discussion with the employer (if the matter concerns an
individual)
- Discussion with the client (if the matter concerns an organisation
involved in a project)
- Discussion with GISSA
- Discussion with the local press if other actions has no
effect.
- Admit when we ourselves make mistakes.
Obligations to Employers and funding organisation
As GIS practitioners we acknowledge that we are indebted to those
who provide the funding for us to do our work. Without employers and /
or funding organisations there will not be a GIS vocation. In
particular we recognise that we have been hired to deliver needed
products and services and that our employers (or Funding organisations)
expects quality work and practitioners conduct. Therefore, we as GIS
practitioners shall:
Deliver Quality Work
- We will ensure that we will accept only those tasks that we are
qualified for.
- We will keep ourselves current in the field of GI Science through
readings and targeted practitioners development.
- We will identify and manage risks, both for our employer / funders
and ourselves.
- We will constantly seek to define alternative strategies to reach
the goals of our employers / funder, as well as the implications of
each.
- We will ensure that our work is well documented and that others
will be able to continue our work even when we are not present. This
includes both metadata and program documentation.
Have a practitioners Relationship
- We will hold all information we work with confidential, unless we
have specifically authorised to release it.
- We will avoid all conflicts of interest with clients and employers,
but when these are unavoidable, we will disclose this to the relevant
people / organisations.
- We will avoid soliciting, accepting, or offering any gratuity or
benefit connected to a potential or existing business or working
relationship.
- We will accept work reviews as a means to improve our
performance.
- We will honour our contracts and assigned responsibilities.
- We will accept the decisions of our employers / funders, unless
these are illegal or unethical.
- We will help develop security, backup, retention, and disposal
rules.
- We will acknowledge and accept rules about the personal use of
employer resources. This includes computers, data, telecommunication
equipment, the Internet and other resources.
Be Honest in Representations
- We will state our practitioners qualifications truthfully.
- We will make honest proposals that will allow the work to be
completed for the resources requested.
- We will deliver an hour's work with earnest effort and best thought
for an hour's pay.
- We will never use any information coming to us confidentially in
the performance of our duties as a means for making private profit
- We will seek to find and employ more efficient and economical ways
of getting tasks accomplished
- We will describe products fully.
- We will be forthcoming about limitations of our work. This includes
data, software, assumptions, models used, methods, and analysis.
Obligations to Colleagues and the Profession
The GIS practitioners recognises the value of being part of a
community of other practitioners. Together, we support each other and
add to the stature of the field. To this end, the GIS practitioners
will:
Respect the Work of Others.
- We will cite the work of others whenever possible and
appropriate.
- We will honour the intellectual property rights of others. This
includes their rights in terms of software, data and models.
- We will accept and provide fair critical comments on practitioners
work.
- We will recognise the limitations of our knowledge and skills, know
the skills of other practitioners, and draw on them to complement our
expertise as needed. This includes both those in other disciplines and
GIS practitioners with deeper skills in critical sub-areas of the
field.
- We will work smoothly and capably with others in GIS and other
disciplines.
- We will respect existing working relationships. These include
formal and informal relationships between employees and employers and
between clients and contractors or vendors. We will avoid interfering
with these relationships and will not attempt to supplant another GIS
practitioners, vendor or organisation.
- We will deal honestly and fairly with prospective employees,
contractors, and vendors.
Contribute to the Discipline
- We will publish results so others can learn about our
contributions. Our audiences may include the public, students,
policy-makers or other practitioners; our mediums may include the GISSA
and other journals, conference proceedings, or self-publication on the
web or otherwise. We will disclose sufficient details to substantiate
our conclusions.
- We will volunteer our time for practitioners educational and
organisational efforts, local or national.
- We will support individual colleagues in their practitioners
development. We will give special attention to underrepresented
groups.
- We will report unpractitioners activity.
Obligations to Individuals
We as GIS practitioners recognises the impact of our work on
individual people and will strive to avoid harming anyone. Therefore,
the GIS practitioners will:
Respect Privacy
- We will protect individual privacy, especially about sensitive
information.
- We will be especially careful with new information created about an
individual through GIS-based manipulations (such as geo-coding) or the
combination of two or more databases.
Respect Individuals
- We will encourage individual autonomy. We will allow individuals
to:
- Withhold consent from being added to a database
- Correct information about themselves in a database
- Remove themselves from a database.
- We will avoid undue intrusions into the lives of individuals.
- We will be truthful when disclosing information about an
individual.
- We will treat all individuals equally, without regard to race,
gender, or other unique characteristics.
Bibliography and Further reading
- American
Institute of Certified Planners. 1991. AICP Code of Ethics and
practitioners Conduct.
-
ASPRS. 2001. Code of Ethics of the American Society for Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing.
- Association for
Computing Machinery. 1992. ACM Code of Ethics and practitioners
Conduct.
- Craig, William J. 1993. A GIS Code of Ethics: What Can We Learn
from Other Organisations? Journal of the Urban and Regional Information
Systems Association, 5(2): 13-16.
-
Edson, Curtis, Brian Garcia, Jordan Hantman, Nicole Hartz, Hannah
Jensen, Jill Leale, Kelley Lewelling, John Marks, Jeff Maxted, Bruce
Moore, Brendan Vierk Rivera, Anna Weitzel. 2001. "Code of Ethics for
GIS practitioners," paper for IES 400, GIS and Society, Institute for
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Kidder, Rushworth M. 1995. How Good People Make Tough Choices, New
York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
-
Olson, Andrew. 1998. Authoring a Code: Observations on Process and
Organisation Center for Study of Ethics in the Professions, Illinois
Institute of Technology.
- Pennsylvania
Society of Land Surveyors, 1998. Manual of Practice for practitioners
Land Surveyors in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
- Rachels, James. 1999. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Boston:
McGraw-Hill Colle